<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pmedpharm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фармация и фармакология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2307-9266</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-2241</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - branch of Volgograd State Medical Univer</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19163/2307-9266-2022-10-5-446-459</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pmedpharm-1195</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ И ЭКОНОМИКА ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОГО ДЕЛА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORGANIZATION AND ECONOMY OF PHARMACY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРОТИВОВИРУСНЫХ И АНТИМИКРОБНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ СИСТЕМНОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ В ПЕРИОД РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ НОВОЙ КОРОНАВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ В РОЗНИЧНОМ СЕКТОРЕ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОГО РЫНКА САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CONSUMPTION DETAILS OF SYSTEMICALLY ACTING ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PREPARATIONS IN PERIOD OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS INFECTION SPREAD IN RETAIL SECTOR OF SAMARA REGION PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6207-5575</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрухина</surname><given-names>И. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrukhina</surname><given-names>I. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор фармацевтических наук, доцент, заместитель директора Института фармации, заведующий кафедрой управления и экономики фармации </p><p>443099, Россия, г. Самара, ул. Чапаевская, д. 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Pharmacy), Associate Professor, Deputy Director of the Institute of Pharmacy, Head of the Department of Pharmacy Management and Economics</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, Russia 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.k.petrukhina@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3501-2354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой терапии Института профессионального образования </p><p>443099, Россия, г. Самара, ул. Чапаевская, д. 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Therapy at the Institute of Professional Education</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, Russia 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">p.a.lebedev@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-7016</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сиротко</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sirotko</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры терапии Института профессионального образования </p><p>443099, Россия, г. Самара, ул. Чапаевская, д. 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Therapy at the Institute of Professional Education</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, Russia 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.i.sirotko@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4581-8610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанова</surname><given-names>Т. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazanova</surname><given-names>T. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат фармацевтических наук, доцент кафедры управления и экономики фармации</p><p>443099, Россия, г. Самара, ул. Чапаевская, д. 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Sciences (Pharmacy), Associate Professor of the Department of Pharmacy Management and Economics, Samara State Medical University</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, Russia 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.k.ryazanova@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5198-0393</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладунова</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladunova</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор фармацевтических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры управления и экономики фармации </p><p>443099, Россия, г. Самара, ул. Чапаевская, д. 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Pharmacy), Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Pharmacy Management and Economics</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, Russia 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.p.gladunova@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6665-1533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаранин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garanin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры пропедевтической терапии</p><p>443099, Россия, г. Самара, ул. Чапаевская, д. 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Sciences (Medicine), Assistant of the Department of Propaedeutic Therapy</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, Russia 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.a.garanin@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>446</fpage><lpage>459</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Петрухина И.К., Лебедев П.А., Сиротко И.И., Рязанова Т.К., Гладунова Е.П., Гаранин А.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Петрухина И.К., Лебедев П.А., Сиротко И.И., Рязанова Т.К., Гладунова Е.П., Гаранин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Petrukhina I.K., Lebedev P.A., Sirotko I.I., Ryazanova T.K., Gladunova E.P., Garanin A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmpharm.ru/jour/article/view/1195">https://www.pharmpharm.ru/jour/article/view/1195</self-uri><abstract><p>Анализ структуры потребления лекарственных препаратов в период пандемии COVID-19 в аптечной сети отражает существующую амбулаторную практику и позволяет сделать обобщенные выводы о соответствии ее стандартам фармакотерапии.</p><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Сравнительный анализ популяционного потребления антимикробных и противовирусных лекарственных препаратов, реализованных в розничном секторе фармацевтического рынка Самарской области в 2015–2021 гг.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено в розничном секторе фармацевтического рынка Самарской области. В качестве материала исследования использовали сведения о номенклатуре и объемах отпуска антибактериальных и отдельных противовирусных лекарственных препаратов в период распространения новой коронавирусной инфекции (в 2020 г.) в сети аптек Самарской области. Данные сопоставлены с показателями реализации лекарственных препаратов в 2015–2019 гг. Использованы методы ретроспективного, сравнительного, графического, методологического, контент-анализ и статистические методы анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Авторами установлена значительная деформация потребления антимикробных препаратов системного действия в аптечном сегменте Самарской области в период 2015–2019 гг. с преобладанием группы АТХ J01D с доминированием цефалоспоринов (38%) преимущественно парентерального пути введения. Доля потребления в натуральном выражении макролидов (J01F) составила 14,9%, фторхинолонов (J01M) – 11,3%, бета-лактамных антибиотиков с ингибиторами бета-лактамаз – 10,7%, бета-лактамных антибиотиков-пенициллинов (J01C) – 8,1%. В сравнении с 2019 г., в 2020 г. в условиях пандемии COVID-19 общее потребление АМП увеличилось в 2,1 раз. В группе «Другие бета-лактамные антибиотики» с преимущественной долей цефалоспоринов произошло увеличение в 3,2 раза, «Макролиды и линкозамиды» – в 3,5 раз, «Производные хинолона» – в 2,6 раза. Отмеченные факты следует оценивать как фактор, который может оказать непосредственное влияние на рост антибиотикорезистентности в популяционном масштабе. Среди противовирусных препаратов наибольший рост потребления отмечен для осельтамивира и римантадина. В абсолютном выражении объем потребления противовирусных лекарственных препаратов в 2020 г. увеличился в 2,4 раза, что сопровождалось увеличением стоимости одной упаковки на 55,8%.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В период распространения новой коронавирусной инфекции отмечен значительный рост потребления антимикробных и противовирусных лекарственных препаратов (по отдельным фармакотерапевтическим группам и наименованиям – до 20 раз), что может негативным образом отразиться на росте антибиотикорезистентности у населения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An analysis of the medicinal preparation consumption structure in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic in the pharmacy network reflects the existing outpatient practice and makes it possible to draw generalized conclusions about its compliance with the pharmacotherapy standards.</p><sec><title>The aim</title><p>The aim. Comparative analysis of population consumption of antimicrobial and antiviral medicines sold in the retail pharmacies of the Samara region in 2015–2021.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the retail sector of the Samara region pharmaceutical market. The material of the study was the information on the list of items and dispensing volumes of antibacterial and individual antiviral drugs during the novel coronavirus infection spread (in 2020) in the network of the Samara region pharmacies. The data are compared with the indicators of the drug sales in 2015–2019. Methods of retrospective, comparative, graphical, methodological, content analyzes and statistical methods of analyses were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The authors have established a significant distortion in the consumption of systemic antimicrobial preparations in the Samara region pharmacy segment in the period of 2015–2019 with the predominance of the ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System) J01D group, primarily cephalosporins (38%), mainly by the parenteral administration route. The share of macrolides (J01F) consumption in volume terms was 14.9%, of fluoroquinolones (J01M) – 11.3%, beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors – 10.7%, beta-lactam antibiotics penicillins (J01C) – 8.1%. Compared to 2019, in 2020, under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, the total consumption of AMPs increased by 2.1 times. In the “Other beta-lactam antibiotics” group with a predominant proportion of cephalosporins, there was an increase by 3.2 times, in the “Macrolides and lincosamides” group – by 3.5 times, in “Quinolone derivatives” – by 2.6 times. The noted facts should be assessed as the phenomenon that can have a direct impact on the growth of an antibiotic resistance on a population scale. Among antivirals, the largest consumption increase was noted for oseltamivir and rimantadine. In absolute terms, the volume of antiviral preparations consumption in 2020 increased by 2.4 times, which was accompanied by an increase in the cost of one package by 55.8%.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In the period of spreading a novel coronavirus infection, a significant increase in the consumption of antimicrobial and antiviral preparations (up to 20 times for certain pharmacotherapeutic groups and names) was notified, which may negatively affect the growth of the antibiotic resistance in the population.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антимикробные препараты системного действия</kwd><kwd>противовирусные препараты</kwd><kwd>аптечный сегмент</kwd><kwd>потребление</kwd><kwd>пандемия COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>systemic antimicrobial preparations</kwd><kwd>antiviral drugs</kwd><kwd>pharmacy segment</kwd><kwd>consumption</kwd><kwd>COVID-19 pandemic</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование не имело финансовой поддержки от сторонних организаций.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study did not receive financial support from outside organizations</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langford B.J., So M., Raybardhan S., Leung V., Westwood D., MacFadden D.R., Soucy J.R., Daneman N. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis // Clin. Microbiol. Infect. – 2020. – Vol. 26, No. 12. – Р. 1622–1629. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, MacFadden DR, Soucy JR, Daneman N. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(12):1622–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lansbury L., Lim B., Baskaran V., Lim W.S. Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis // J. Infect. – 2020. – Vol. 81, No. 2. – Р. 266–275. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lansbury L, Lim B, Baskaran V, Lim WS. Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020 Aug;81(2):266–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шишкова В.Н. Возможности современных препаратов в профилактике и лечении ОРВИ и гриппа // РМЖ. – 2016. – № 6. – С. 395–400.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkova VN. [The possibilities of modern drugs in the prevention and treatment of SARS and influenza]. RMJ. 2016;6:395–400. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидоренко С.В., Яковлев С.В., Спичак Т.В., Суворова М.П., Рафальский В.В., Таточенко В.К., Дронов И.А., Захарова И.Н., Заплатников А.Л., Геппе Н.А., Лобзин Ю.В., Абеуова Б.А., Бояджян Г.Г., Бакрадзе М.Д., Малахов А.Б., Мумладзе Э.Б., Мырзабекова Г.Т., Урсова Н.И. Стратегия и тактика рационального применения антимикробных средств в амбулаторной практике. Евразийские клинические рекомендации // Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия (Прил.). – 2016. – № 4. – С. 10–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorenko SV, Yakovlev SV, Spichak TV, Suvorova MP, Rafalskiy VV, Tatochenko VK, Dronov IA, Zakharova IN, Zaplatnikov AL, Geppe NA, Lobzin YuV, Abeuova BA, Boyadzhyan GG, Bakradze MD, Malakhov AB, Mumladze EB, Myrzabekova GT, Ursova NI. [Strategy and tactics of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs in outpatient practice. Eurasian clinical guidelines. 2016]. Consilium Medicum. Pediatrics (Suppl.). 2016; (4): 10–20. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов А.А., Богомильский М.Р., Волков И.К., Геппе Н.А., Козлов Р.С., Козлова Л.В., Коровина Н.А., Манеров Ф.К., Мизерницкий Ю.Л., Намазова Л.С., Насонова В.А., Самсыгина Г.А., Сергеева Т.В., Спичак Т.В., Страчунский Л.С., Таточенко В.К., Якушин С.Б. Применение антибиотиков у детей в амбулаторной практике: практические рекомендации // Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. – 2007. – Т. 9, № 3. – С. 200–210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov AA, Bogomilsky MR, Volkov IK, Geppe NA, Kozlov RS, Kozlova LV, Korovina NA, Manerov FK, Mizernitsky YuL, Namazova LS, Nasonova VA, Samsygina GA, Sergeeva TV, Spichak TV, Strachunsky LS, Tatochenko VK, Yakushin SB. [The use of antibiotics in children in outpatient practice: practical recommendations]. Clinical microbiology and antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2007;9(3);200–10. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gulliford M.C., Moore M.V., Little P., Hay A.D., Fox R., Prevost A.T., Juszczyk D., Charlton J., Ashworth M. Safety of reduced antibiotic prescribing for self limiting respiratory tract infections in primary care: cohort study using electronic health records // BMJ. – 2016. – No. 354. – i3410. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i3410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulliford MC, Moore MV, Little P, Hay AD, Fox R, Prevost AT, Juszczyk D, Charlton J, Ashworth M. Safety of reduced antibiotic prescribing for self limiting respiratory tract infections in primary care: cohort study using electronic health records. BMJ. 2016 Jul 4;354:i3410. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i3410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Misurski, D.A., Lipson D.A., Changolkar A.K. Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing in Managed Care Subjects with Influenza // Am. J. Manag. Care. – 2011. – Vol. 17, No. 9. – P. 601–608.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Misurski DA, Lipson DA, Changolkar AK. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in managed care subjects with influenza. Am J Manag Care. 2011 Sep;17(9):601–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Godman B., Egwuenu A., Haque M., Malande O.O., Schellack N., Kumar S., Saleem Z., Sneddon J., Hoxha I., Islam S., Mwita J., do Nascimento R.C.R.M., Dias Godói I.P., Niba L.L., Amu A.A., Acolatse J., Incoom R., Sefah I.A., Opanga S., Kurdi A., Chikowe I., Khuluza F., Kibuule D., Ogunleye O.O., Olalekan A., Markovic-Pekovic V., Meyer J.C., Alfadl A., Phuong T.N.T., Kalungia A.C., Campbell S., Pisana A., Wale J., Seaton R.A. Strategies to improve antimicrobial utilization with a special focus on developing countries // Life. – 2021. – Vol. 11, No. 6. – Art. No. 528. DOI: 10.3390/life11060528</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Godman B, Egwuenu A, Haque M, Malande OO, Schellack N, Kumar S, Saleem Z, Sneddon J, Hoxha I, Islam S, Mwita J, do Nascimento RCRM, Dias Godói IP, Niba LL, Amu AA, Acolatse J, Incoom R, Sefah IA, Opanga S, Kurdi A, Chikowe I, Khuluza F, Kibuule D, Ogunleye OO, Olalekan A, Markovic-Pekovic V, Meyer JC, Alfadl A, Phuong TNT, Kalungia AC, Campbell S, Pisana A, Wale J, Seaton RA. Strategies to Improve Antimicrobial Utilization with a Special Focus on Developing Countries. Life (Basel). 2021 Jun 7;11(6):528. DOI: 10.3390/life11060528</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Таточенко В.К. Терапия ОРЗ у детей // РМЖ. – 2004. – № 21. – С. 1200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tatochenko VK. [Therapy of acute respiratory infections in children]. RMJ. 2004;(21):1200. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strathdee S.A., Davies S.C., Marcelin J.R. Confronting antimicrobial resistance beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 US election // Lancet. – 2020. – Vol. 396, No. 10257. – P. 1050-1053. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32063-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strathdee SA, Davies SC, Marcelin JR. Confronting antimicrobial resistance beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 US election. Lancet. 2020;396(10257):1050–3. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32063-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rawson T.M., Moore L.S.P., Zhu N., Ranganathan N., Skolimowska K., Gilchrist M., Satta G., Cooke G., Holmes A. Bacterial and Fungal Coinfection in Individuals With Coronavirus: A Rapid Review To Support COVID-19 Antimicrobial Prescribing // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2020. – Vol. 71, No. 9. – P. 2459–2468. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa530</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rawson TM, Moore LSP, Zhu N, Ranganathan N, Skolimowska K, Gilchrist M, Satta G, Cooke G, Holmes A. Bacterial and Fungal Coinfection in Individuals With Coronavirus: A Rapid Review To Support COVID-19 Antimicrobial Prescribing. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 3;71(9):2459–68. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa530</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crane M.A., Popovic A., Panaparambil R., Stolbach A.I., Romley J.A., Ghanem K.G. Reporting of Infectious Diseases in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2022. – Vol. 74, No. 5. – P. 901–904. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab529.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crane MA, Popovic A, Panaparambil R, Stolbach AI, Romley JA, Ghanem KG. Reporting of Infectious Diseases in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Mar 9;74(5):901–4. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab529</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов Р.С. Резистентность к антимикробным препаратам как реальная угроза национальной безопасности // РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение. – 2014. – Т. 22, № 4. – С. 321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov RS. [Antimicrobial resistance as a real threat to national security]. RMJ. Medical review. 2014;22(4):321. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова Ю.С., Слободенюк Е.В. Антимикробные препараты для системного применения на фармацевтическом рынке г. Хабаровска: фармакоэкономический анализ // Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. – 2014. – № 2. – С. 35-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova US, Slobodenyuk EV. [Antimicrobals for systemic use in the pharmaceutical market of Khabarovsk]. Pacific Medical Journal. 2014;(2):35–7. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев С.В. Новая концепция рационального применения антибиотиков в амбулаторной практике. // Антибиотики и Химиотерапия. – 2019. – Т. 64, № 3–4. – С. 48–58. DOI: 10.24411/0235-2990-2019-100017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev SV. New Concept of Rational Use of Antibiotics in Outpatient Practice. Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2019;64(3-4):48–58. DOI: 10.24411/0235-2990-2019-100017. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев С.Я., Журавлева М.В., Проценко Д.Н., Белобородов В.Б., Н.И. Брико и др. Программа СКАТ (Стратегия Контроля Антимикробной Терапии) при оказании стационарной медицинской помощи. Методические рекомендации для лечебно-профилактических учреждений Москвы // Consilium Medicum. – 2017. – № 19 (7.1. Хирургия). – С. 15–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev SY, Zhuravleva MV, Protsenko DN, Beloborodov VB, Briko NI. etc. Antibiotic stewardship program for inpatient care. Clinical guidelines for Moscow hospitals. Consilium Medicum. 2017;19(7.1. Surgery):15–51. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J.W., Lin S.H., Wang L.C., Chiu H.Y., Lee J.A. Comparison of Antiviral Agents for Seasonal Influenza Outcomes in Healthy Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis // JAMA Netw. Open. – 2021. – Vol. 4, No. 8. – Art. ID: e2119151. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.19151. Erratum in: JAMA Netw. Open. 2021. – Vol. 4, No. 10. – Art. ID: e2133433.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu JW, Lin SH, Wang LC, Chiu HY, Lee JA. Comparison of Antiviral Agents for Seasonal Influenza Outcomes in Healthy Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8):e2119151. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.19151. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2133433.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selkova E.P., Iakovlev V.N., Semenenko T.A., Filatov N.N., Gotvianskaia T.P., et al. Evaluation of amyxin effect in prophylaxis of acute respiratory viral infections // Zhur. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. – 2001. – No. 3. – Р. 42–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sel’kova EP, Iakovlev VN, Semenenko TA, Filatov NN, Gotvianskaia TP, Danilina GA, Pantiukhova TN, Nikitina GIu, Tur’ianov MKh. Otsenka profilakticheskogo éffekta amiksina v otnoshenii ostrykh respiratornykh virusnykh infektsiĭ [Evaluation of amyxin effect in prophylaxis of acute respiratory viral infections]. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 2001 May-Jun;(3):42–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ekins S., Lane T.R., Madrid P.B. Tilorone: a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Invented in the USA and Commercialized in Russia and beyond // Pharm. Res. – 2020. – Vol. 37, No. 4. – Art. No. 71. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02799-8. Erratum in: Pharm. Res. – 2020. – Vol. 37, No. 12. – Art. No. 239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ekins S, Lane TR, Madrid PB. Tilorone: a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Invented in the USA and Commercialized in Russia and beyond. Pharm Res. 2020 Mar 25;37(4):71. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02799-8. Erratum in: Pharm Res. 2020 Nov 6;37(12):239.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semenenko T.A., Selkova E.P., Nikitina G.Y., Gotvyanskaya T.P., Yudina T.I., Amaryan M.P., Nosik N.N., Turyanov M.H. Immunomodulators in the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections // Russ. J. Immunol. – 2002. – Vol. 7, No. 2. – Р. 105–114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenenko TA, Selkova EP, Nikitina GY, Gotvyanskaya TP, Yudina TI, Amaryan MP, Nosik NN, Turyanov MH. Immunomodulators in the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Russ J Immunol. 2002 Jul;7(2):105–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Закиров ИГ. Опыт применения амиксина при лечении и профилактике некоторых вирусных инфекционных заболеваний // Клиническая медицина (Москва). – 2002. – Т. 80, № 12. – С. 54–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakirov IG. Opyt primeneniia amiksina pri lechenii i profilaktike nekotorykh virusnykh infektsionnykh zabolevaniĭ [Use of amixin in the therapy and prevention of some viral infections]. Klin Med (Mosk). 2002;80(12):54–6. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленева И.А., Федякина И.Т., Еропкин М.Ю., Гудова Н.В., Романовская А.А., Даниленко Д.М., Виноградова С.М., Лепешкин А.Ю., Шестопалов А.М. Изучение противовирусной активности отечественных противогриппозных химиопрепаратов в культуре клеток и на модели животных // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2010. – № 3. – С. 19–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leneva IA, Fedyakina IT, Eropkin MUб Gudova NV, Romanovskaya AA, Danilenko DM, Vinogradova SMб Lepeshkin AYu, Shestopalov AM. [To study the antiviral activity of domestic anti-influenza chemotherapy drugs in cell culture and on animal models]. Questions of virology. 2010;3:19–25. Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sliva J., Pantzartzi C.N., Votava M. Inosine Pranobex: A Key Player in the Game Against a Wide Range of Viral Infections and Non-Infectious Diseases // Adv. Ther. – 2019. – Vol. 36, No. 8. – P. 1878-1905. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-00995-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sliva J, Pantzartzi CN, Votava M. Inosine Pranobex: A Key Player in the Game Against a Wide Range of Viral Infections and Non-Infectious Diseases. Adv Ther. 2019 Aug;36(8):1878–905. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-00995-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beran J., Šalapová E., Špajdel M; Isoprinosine Study (EWO ISO-2014/1) Team. Inosine pranobex is safe and effective for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections: analysis and subgroup analysis from a Phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study // BMC Infect. Dis. – 2016. – Vol. 16, No. 1. – Art. No. 648. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1965-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beran J, Šalapová E, Špajdel M; Isoprinosine Study (EWO ISO-2014/1) Team. Inosine pranobex is safe and effective for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections: analysis and subgroup analysis from a Phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Nov 7;16(1):648. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1965-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленева И.А., Пшеничная Н.Ю., Булгакова В.А. Умифеновир и коронавирусные инфекции: обзор результатов исследований и опыта применения в клинической практике // Терапевтический Архив. – 2020. – Т. 92, № 11. – С. 91–97. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000713</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leneva IA, Pshenichnaya NY, Bulgakova VA. Umifenovir and coronavirus infections: a review of research results and clinical practice. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2020;92(11):91–7. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000713</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alavi Darazam I., Shokouhi S., Mardani M., Pourhoseingholi M.A., Rabiei M.M., Hatami F., Shabani M., Moradi O., Gharehbagh F.J., Irvani S.S.N., Amirdosara M., Hajiesmaeili M., Rezaei O., Khoshkar A., Lotfollahi L., Gachkar L., Dehbsneh H.S., Khalili N., Soleymaninia A., Kusha A.H., Shoushtari M.T., Torabinavid P. Umifenovir in hospitalized moderate to severe COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial // Int. Immunopharmacol. – 2021. – Vol. 99. – Art. ID: 107969. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107969</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alavi Darazam I, Shokouhi S, Mardani M, Pourhoseingholi MA, Rabiei MM, Hatami F, Shabani M, Moradi O, Gharehbagh FJ, Irvani SSN, Amirdosara M, Hajiesmaeili M, Rezaei O, Khoshkar A, Lotfollahi L, Gachkar L, Dehbsneh HS, Khalili N, Soleymaninia A, Kusha AH, Shoushtari MT, Torabinavid P. Umifenovir in hospitalized moderate to severe COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Oct;99:107969. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107969</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
