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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pmedpharm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фармация и фармакология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2307-9266</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-2241</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - branch of Volgograd State Medical Univer</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19163/2307-9266-2024-12-2-150-171</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pmedpharm-1547</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Спирамицин: прошлое и будущее антибиотика  с плейотропными эффектами в терапии  внебольничных инфекций</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Spiramycin: The past and future of an antibiotic with pleiotropic effects in the therapy of community-acquired infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-2169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бутранова</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Butranova</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей и клинической фармакологии Медицинского института ФГАОУ РУДН им. Патриса Лумумбы.</p><p>117198, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Candidate of Sciences  (Medicine), Associated Professor of the Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Institute of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba.</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklay Str., Moscow, Russia, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">butranova-oi@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-6867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зырянов</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyryanov</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой общей и клинической фармакологии ФГАОУ РУДН им. Патриса Лумумбы; заместитель главного врача ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница № 24 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы».</p><p>117198, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6.</p><p>127015, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Писцовая, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences  (Medicine), professor, the Head of the Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Institute of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba; deputy Chief Medical Officer of Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 24 of the Moscow City Health Department.</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklay Str., Moscow, Russia, 117198.</p><p>10 Pistsovaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 127015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zyryanov_sk@rudn.university</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5739-4610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры общей и клинической фармакологии Медицинского института ФГАОУ РУДН им. Патриса Лумумбы. </p><p>117198, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student of the Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Institute of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba. </p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklay Str., Moscow, Russia, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abramova-aa@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>1. Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы».&#13;
2. Государственное бюджетное учреждение города Москвы  «Городская клиническая больница № 24 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы».</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>1. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba.&#13;
2. Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 24 of the Moscow City Health Department.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>171</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бутранова О.И., Зырянов С.К., Абрамова А.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бутранова О.И., Зырянов С.К., Абрамова А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Butranova O.I., Zyryanov S.K., Abramova A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmpharm.ru/jour/article/view/1547">https://www.pharmpharm.ru/jour/article/view/1547</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Поиск и анализ работ, посвященных фармакокинетическим (ФК) и фармакодинамическим (ФД) параметрам спирамицина, позволяющим оценить потенциал данного макролида в терапии внебольничных инфекций.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для поиска материалов были использованы реферативные базы данных: PubMed, Google  Scholar, EMBASE, научно-информационная сеть ResearchGate и elibrary.ru. В работе использовали следующие ключевые запросы: «фармакокинетика спирамицина», «фармакокинетические параметры спирамицина», «pharmacokinetics of spiramycin», «pharmacokinetic parameters of spiramycin», «фармакодинамика, спирамицина», «механизм действия спирамицина», «мишени для спирамицина», «фармакодинамические эффекты спирамицина», «pharmacodynamics of spiramycin», «mechanism of action of spiramycin», «targets for spiramycin», «pharmacodynamic effects of spiramycin». Глубина поиска – 69 лет (1955–2024 гг.), общее число публикаций, включённых в литературный обзор по направлениям «фармакокинетика» и «фармакодинамика» – 72. Общее число использованных в статье источников составило 152.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В условиях распространения феномена антибиотикорезистентности (АБР) среди возбудителей как нозокомиальных, так и внебольничных инфекций, актуальным для врача является поиск стратегий, позволяющих сохранить возможность использования антибактериальных препаратов (АБП) первой линии в ведении пациентов с инфекционными заболеваниями. Спирамицин в последние десятилетия характеризовался минимальным уровнем потребления среди населения, в связи с чем имеет потенциал для терапии инфекционных заболеваний. Анализ ФК параметров спирамицина свидетельствует о способности формировать эффективные концентрации в различных тканях и органах, а также о минимальном риске лекарственных взаимодействий, способных изменять  терапевтический ответ. Оценка его антибактериальной активности in vitro и in vivo даёт различные результаты, свидетельствующие о способности препарата проявлять значительно большую эффективность в условиях живого организма. В основе этого парадокса могут лежать плейотропные эффекты спирамицина, вовлекающие как клетки организма хозяина (иммуномодулирующее и противовоспалительное действие, способность благотворно воздействовать на процессы регенерации тканей, противоопухолевая активность, угнетение адипогенеза), так и мишени возбудителей (способность снижать вирулентность Р. aerugenosa, противовирусное действие, снижение способности кокков к адгезии).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. ФК и ФД параметры и свойства спирамицина наряду с результатами опубликованных клинических исследований, оценивавших его эффективность, указывают на то, что, несмотря на меньшую активность in vitro, наличие дополнительных плейотропных эффектов может быть залогом его превосходства над традиционными макролидами в методах in vivo.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the work was to search and analyze works on pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of spiramycin, allowing to evaluate the potential of this macrolide in the therapy of community-acquired infections.</p><sec><title>Materials and мethods</title><p>Materials and мethods. The abstract databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, the ResearchGate scientific information network and elibrary.ru were used to search for the materials. The following key queries were used in the work: “pharmacokinetics of spiramycin”, “pharmacokinetic parameters of spiramycin”, “pharmacodynamics of spiramycin”, “mechanism of action of spiramycin”, “targets for spiramycin”, “pharmacodynamic effects of spiramycin”. The search depth – 69 years (1955–2024), the total number of publications included in the literature review in the areas of “pharmacokinetics” and “pharmacodynamics” was 72. The total number of the sources used in the article amounted  is 152.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. With the spread of the antibiotic resistance (AR) among the pathogens of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, it is important for physician to search for strategies to preserve the possibility of using first-line antibacterial drugs (ABDs) in patients with infectious diseases. Spiramycin has been characterized by a minimal consumption by the population in the last decades, thus, it has a potential for the therapy of infectious diseases. The analysis of the PK spiramycin parameters indicates the ability to form effective concentrations in various tissues and organs, as well as a minimal risk of drug interactions that can alter the therapeutic response. The evaluation of its antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo yields different results, indicating the ability of the drug to exhibit significantly greater efficacy in vivo. This paradox may be based on pleiotropic effects of spiramycin involving both host cells (immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, the ability to favorably affect the tissue regeneration, the antitumor activity, the inhibition of adipogenesis) and pathogen targets (the ability to reduce the virulence of P. aerugenosa, the antiviral effect, the reduction of the adhesion ability of cocci).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The PK and PD parameters and the properties of spiramycin along with the results of the published clinical studies evaluating its efficacy indicate that, despite its lower in vitro activity, the presence of additional pleiotropic effects may be the key to its superiority over the traditional macrolides in in vivo methods.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>спирамицин</kwd><kwd>макролиды</kwd><kwd>внебольничные инфекции дыхательных путей</kwd><kwd>токсоплазмоз</kwd><kwd>плейотропные эффекты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spiramycin</kwd><kwd>macrolides</kwd><kwd>community-acquired respiratory tract infections</kwd><kwd>toxoplasmosis</kwd><kwd>pleiotropic effects</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Обзор выполнен при поддержке ООО «Орней» (Россия).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The review was carried out with the support of Ornej LLC (Russia).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchings M.I., Truman A.W, Wilkinson B. 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