pmedpharmФармация и фармакологияPharmacy & Pharmacology2307-92662413-2241Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - branch of Volgograd State Medical Univer10.19163/2307-9266-2025-13-2-111-127pmedpharm-1684Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWСовременные подходы к онколитической иммуновиротерапии онкологических заболеваний на основе энтеровирусовModern Approaches to Enterovirus-Based Oncolytic Immune Virotherapy of Malignant Diseaseshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-1733НемцоваЕ. Р.NemtsovaE. R.

доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена — филиала ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России. 

125284, Россия, г. Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр., д. 3.

Doctor of Sciences (Biology), Leading Researcher of the Moscow Hertsen Research Insitute of Oncology — branch of the National Medical Research Radiology Center.

3, 2nd Botkinskiy Psge, Moscow, Russia, 125284.

nemtz@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6898-2931ПлотниковаЕ. А.PlotnikovaE. A.

кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена — филиала ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России. 

125284, Россия, г. Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр., д. 3.

Candidate of Sciences (Biology), Senior Researcher of the Moscow Hertsen Research Insitute of Oncology – branch of the National Medical Research Radiology Center. 

3, 2nd Botkinskiy Psge, Moscow, Russia, 125284.

plotnikovaekaterina62@gmail.comМосковский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт имени П.А. Герцена – филиал федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.РоссияMoscow Hertsen Research Institute of Oncology – branch of the National Medical Research Radiology Center.Russian Federation202523072025132111127Copyright © Немцова Е.Р., Плотникова Е.А., 20252025Немцова Е.Р., Плотникова Е.А.Nemtsova E.R., Plotnikova E.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pharmpharm.ru/jour/article/view/1684Цель

Цель. Представить обзор современных подходов к онколитической вироиммунотерапии онкологических заболеваний с применением энтеровирусов по данным мировой научной литературы.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Для сбора и анализа сведений использованы электронные базы данных PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, библиотечная база данных (eLibrary.ru) и другие доступные ресурсы. Поиск проведён по публикациям за 1990–2024 гг. по ключевым словам: «онколитическая виротерапия», «онколитические вирусы», «энтеровирусы», «poliovirus», «coxsackievirus», «echovirus», «доклинические исследования», «клинические испытания».

Результаты

Результаты. Представлены данные о свойствах онколитических вирусов дикого типа и геномодифицированных вирусов, на которых основан выбор вируса для разработки лекарственного препарата, и о механизмах их действия. Они включают прямое цитолитическое действие, обусловленное внутриклеточным размножением вируса; активацию противоопухолевого иммунитета организма — реципиента вируса за счет презентации опухоль-ассоциированных антигенов дендритным клеткам с последующим их созреванием, презентацией антигенов Т-лимфоцитам и активацией цитотоксических лимфоцитов; модуляцию опухолевого микроокружения окружения в результате иммуностимуляции и перехода «холодной» опухоли и окружающей ткани в «горячее» состояние. Отмечено, что наиболее выраженный терапевтический эффект наблюдается в отношении иммуночувствительных опухолей, что коррелирует с механизмом действия онколитических вирусов. Клинические испытания лекарственных препаратов пока не привели к прорывным результатам по терапевтическому действию, но показали синергизм по эффективности с другими видами консервативной терапии. По результатам доклинических и клинических исследований, энтеровирусы проявляют благоприятный профиль токсичности. Оценены факторы, снижающие эффективность виротерапии: недостаточно целенаправленное попадание вируса в опухолевые клетки, неактивный эндоцитоз и размножение с последующим распространением в организме; предсуществующий в организме иммунитет против конкретного вируса и индукция выработки антител к нему в процессе виротерапии; отсутствие чувствительности самой опухоли и ее микроокружения к вирусу.

Заключение

Заключение. Онколитическая виротерапия на основе энтеровирусов перспективна, но эффективность ее необходимо повышать, опираясь на механизмы действия.

The aim

The aim. The review presents the analysis of publications on modern approaches to oncolytic viral immunotherapy of malignant diseases which is predominantly based on usage of enteroviruses.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. Electronic data bases — PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and other accessible datasets were used for gathering and analyzing appropriate publications for the following keywords: oncolytic virotherapy, oncolytic viruses, enteroviruses, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, preclinical and clinical trials. The research included the time interval from 1990 till 2024.

Results

Results. The data present the properties of wild type and gen modified viruses — the supposed basis for development of the drugs, as well as their action mechanisms. The described mechanisms include direct cytolysis caused by the intracellular reproduction of the virus, activation of antitumor immunity of the host body (viral recipient) due to presentation of the tumor-associated antigens from the damaged cells to dendritic cells for their further maturation, presentation of these antigens to T-lymphocytes and activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes, modulation of tumor microenvironment due to immunostimulation,  and transition of “cold” tumor and its environment into “hot” state. It has been noticed that the most pronounced therapeutic efficacy is observed in immunosensitive tumors. This observation correlates with the action mechanism of the oncolytic viruses.  Clinical trials of viral drugs still have not led to superior results in therapeutic efficacy but they have demonstrated the synergistic efficacy with other methods of conservative therapy. According to the results of preclinical and clinical trials, enteroviruses demonstrate a favorable toxic profile. Factors which reduce the efficacy of virotherapy were evaluated. They include non-targeted and non-specific absorption of viruses by tumor cells, weak endocytosis and reproduction followed by distribution in the body, preexisting immunity against the concrete viruses and induction of antiviral antibody expression during viral therapy, and lack of sensitivity of the tumor and its microenvironment to the virus.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Enterovirus-based oncolytic therapy is a promising therapeutic option but its efficacy needs to be enhanced using mechanisms of its therapeutic impact.

онколитическая виротерапияонколитические вирусыэнтеровирусыpolioviruscoxsackievirusechovirusдоклинические и клинические исследованияoncolytic virotherapyoncolytic virusesenterovirusespolioviruscoxsackievirusechoviruspreclinical and clinical trialsРабота выполнена в рамках Соглашения с Министерством науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации № 075-15-2019-1660 от 31.10.2019 о предоставлении из федерального бюджета гранта в форме субсидии на осуществление государственной поддержки создания и развития центра геномных исследований мирового уровня «Центр высокоточного редактирования и генетических технологий для биомедицины».The work was carried out within the framework of Agreement with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation No. 075-15-2019-1660 dated October 31, 2019 on the provision of a grant from the federal budget in the form of a subsidy for state support for the creation and development of a world-class genomic research center “Center for High-Precision Editing” and genetic technologies for biomedicine.”ReferencesSung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L., Laversanne M., Soerjomataram I., Jemal A., Bray F. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.