The prescription of antiplatelet agents is an important part of the therapy for acute coronary syndrome and other cardiovascular diseases. The risk of recurrent ischemic events depends on the efficacy of these drugs.

The aim. To summarize and analyze current scientific data on the influence of DNA methylation level on the efficacy of therapy with P2Y12 receptor antagonists.

Materials and methods. A search for scientific articles was conducted in the PubMed database. The systematic review included studies reflecting the relationship between DNA methylation and the efficacy of clopidogrel. No studies were found concerning the influence of DNA methylation on the efficacy of next-generation P2Y12 receptor antagonists.

Results. The review included 17 studies with a total of 3 441 participants. The influence of methylation of 20 genes was analyzed: ABCB1, ABCC3, ALOX12, ALOX15, BTG2, CD80, COX1, COX2, CREB5, CYP2C19, GCK, GNAQ, P2Y12, PEAR1, PER3, PON1, PRG2, TRAF3, TBXAS1, VTRNA2-1. In 9 studies, a bond was found between methylation levels and the risk of developing clopidogrel resistance. In 5 studies, a bond was found between DNA methylation and the risk of developing adverse reactions such as bleeding or recurrent ischemic events. It was found that patients with hypomethylation of the CYP2C19 gene promoter have a higher risk of developing clopidogrel resistance (methylation level in the clopidogrel resistance group is 8.8 ± 22.7 %, in the control group — 76.7 ± 32.9 %, p = 0.03). Hypermethylation of the P2Y12 promoter also increases the risk of developing resistance to the drug (0.48 ± 0.14 % vs. 0.86 ± 0.13 %, p < 0.001).

Conclusion. The products of DNA methylation of genes are involved in clopidogrel metabolism, platelet aggregation, and other processes affects clopidogrel efficacy. DNA methylation level is a promising biomarker. Additional confirmatory studies are needed, as well as studies on the relationship between the methylation level and the efficacy of next-generation P2Y12 receptor antagonists.

The relevance of the work is due to the ongoing discussion about the place of homeopathic medicines in the system of evidence-based medicine, as well as the need to distinguish approaches to low and high dilutions.

The aim. To systematize information on the use of low homeopathic dilutions; to conduct a comparative group characterization of low-potential homeopathic medicines with allopathic and phytotherapeutic drugs; to identify promising areas for further research.

Materials and methods. The data was analyzed, including historical information, theoretical concepts, experimental and clinical studies, as well as regulatory and regulatory documents. The key stages and strategies of using homeopathic remedies in various dilutions are highlighted. The literature was searched in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, eLibrary for the period from 1990 to 2025. Queries such as “low dilutions homeopathy”, “low potency homeopathy”, “homotoxicology”, “ultra-high dilutions”, “homeopathic low potencies”, “antihomotoxic therapy” were used. The review included original experimental studies of low-potential homeopathic medicines, clinical studies of complex homeopathic medicines, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, historical and theoretical works on homeopathy, physico-chemical studies of homeopathic dilutions, regulatory documents and economic reviews. The review excluded studies on high and ultra-high dilutions without comparison with low potentials; individual clinical cases; conference abstracts; works in which there was no clear indication of the potency used.

Results. According to the main pharmacological criteria, low-potential complex preparations occupy an intermediate position between classical homeopathy on the one hand and allopathic/phytotherapeutic agents on the other. Their effects may have a rational explanation within the framework of hormesis and the direct action of small doses. There are separate RCTs demonstrating the effectiveness of complex drugs, but the overall level of evidence remains lower than for allopathic drugs. In order to formulate definitive conclusions about the place of low-potential homeopathic medicines, large-scale methodologically impeccable clinical studies are needed, as well as continuing the search for confirmation of their mechanisms of action, in particular, in the field of nanopharmacology.

Conclusion. The path to the widespread use of low-potential homeopathic remedies in modern medicine lies through the normative separation of low and high homeopathic dilutions, conducting high-quality clinical trials with rigid endpoints.

The annual review of new drugs approved by the FDA is an important tool for analyzing current trends in pharmacology and medicine, reflecting progress in the treatment of complex diseases, including oncological pathologies, orphan diseases, and infectious processes. The article aims to inform medical specialists and pharmacologists about current trends in the development and registration of innovative medicinal products in 2025.
The aim. To summarize and systematize data on the latest medicinal products launched in 2025, and to analyze their mechanisms of action.

Materials and methods. The presented data are taken from open sources and supplemented by the results of individual studies aimed to the investigate new mechanisms and approaches in therapy. The main list of new medicines and introductory information about them are taken from the report of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — "Novel Drug Approvals for 2025.

Results. In 2025, the FDA approved 46 drugs, of which 31 were small molecules and 15 were macromolecules. Among the drugs in the first group, 11 (24 % of all new drugs and 35 % of all new small molecules) are used in oncology, 2 are immunotropic, and 2 are for cardiology. The majority (16 drugs) belong to miscellaneous drug groups. Among biologicals, the largest portion consisted of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of non-oncological diseases — 6 (13 % of all and 40 % of biologicals) and monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of oncological diseases — 5 (11 % of all and 33 % of biologicals). Nucleic acid-based drugs and protein molecules, excluding antibodies, accounted for 3 (7 % of all and 20 % of biologicals) and 1 (2 % of all and 7 % of biologicals) respectively.

Conclusion. The significant proportion of biopharmaceuticals among newly registered drug products in 2025 highlights the dynamic development of the pharmaceutical industry and its focus on personalized medicine and biotechnology. Therapy based on mAbs interacting with receptors, as well as immunotherapy based on newly discovered mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity, occupies a substantial part of the structure of original drugs. The search for new rational antibiotic combinations remains relevant. Small molecules still constitute the largest share of the original drug market, among which drug substances — ligands of new targets and oligonucleotide sequences are emerging. This review is compiled for medical specialists and pharmacologists to familiarize them with current trends in the registration of original drugs and in the therapy of malignant neoplasms, as well as orphan diseases.

The aim. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the double-stranded RNA sodium salt drug RADAMIN®VIRO (lyophilisate) in everyday practice with men and women having genital herpes and/or chronic urogenital chlamydial infection.

Materials and methods. A multicenter observational non-randomized clinical trial was performed. The study included records of 2 714 patients: 488 patients suffering from chlamydia or a combined infection, 2 226 individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of herpes infection, of both sexes, aged over 18 years, who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and for whom the attending physician prescribed a course of treatment with RADAMIN®VIRO as part of complex therapy prior to inclusion in this study. The efficacy of the drug was assessed during the course of treatment (as part of complex therapy for genital herpes/chronic urogenital chlamydial infection) in relation to: dynamics of symptoms (objective and subjective); speed of regression of clinical manifestations of the infection; frequency of relapses during the observation period; duration of the inter-relapse period; dynamics of quality of life according to the “Dermatological Quality of Life Index” questionnaire; and the safety of the drug was assessed.

Results. It was shown that as early as day 14 of observation (visit B2), the proportion of patients with low severity or absence of subjective symptoms characteristic of chlamydial, herpetic, or combined infection increased to an average level of 86.62–91.65 %; the proportion of patients with the absence of objective symptoms characteristic of chlamydial, herpetic, or combined infection increased to an average level of 87.09–99.69 %. It was shown that by day 7 of observation, the severity of subjective symptoms decreased from 1.27–1.72 to 0.39–0.55 in group A56 (chlamydia or combined infection), and in group A60 (herpes), it also decreased from 1.45–1.63 to an average level of 1.21–1.30; by day 14 of observation — in 32.9 % of patients, by day 90 of observation — in 1.2 % of patients, by day 180 of the study — in 0.7 % of patients. Thus, recovery occurred within 3 months from the start of therapy and observation in 99.3 % of patients — all study participants (p < 0.001).

Conclusion. Based on the obtained data, a conclusion can be drawn regarding the efficacy, safety, and appropriateness of including RADAMIN®VIRO in the complex therapy for patients with genital herpes and urogenital chlamydial infection.

This study explores the potential of bioactive compounds from Mentha pulegium L. as inhibitors of the monkeypox virus methyltransferase VP39. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify and characterize phenolic compounds in the plant extract. Computational methods were used to predict drug-likeness and toxicity and to evaluate binding interactions through molecular docking and dynamics simulations.

The aim. To investigate the antiviral potential of M. pulegium compounds against monkeypox virus VP39 by evaluating their drug-likeness, toxicity, and interaction stability through computational approaches.

Materials and methods. Various phenolic compounds in M. pulegium were identified using HPLC. Drug-likeness and toxicity were predicted using SwissADME, ProTox 3.0 Tool, and OSIRIS Property Explorer tools. Molecular docking studies assessed the binding affinity of selected compounds with VP39, and molecular dynamics simulations evaluated the stability of these interactions over time.

Results. Luteolin and rosmarinic acid exhibited the highest binding affinities to VP39, with docking scores of −9.3 kcal/mol and −8.7 kcal/mol, respectively, and formed multiple hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues including Ile94, Gly96, Phe115, Val139, Ala158, Lys186, and Tyr189 for luteolin, and Gly68, Ile94, Asp95, Val112, Phe115, Val141, and Asn156 for rosmarinic acid. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that these compounds interacted with moderately flexible regions of the enzyme (residues 67–79 and 243–246), with the RMSD stabilizing at around 3.91 Å after 5000 ps, enhancing binding stability and suggesting a strong potential for inhibitory activity.

Conclusion. The findings underscore the potential of luteolin and rosmarinic acid from M. pulegium as promising antiviral agents against the monkeypox virus. This research provides a foundation for further exploration and development of novel therapeutic strategies based on these natural compounds.

The aim. To investigate the psychotropic activity of a series of N-aryl derivatives of (adamantan-1-yl)methylamine and to identify a compound with anxiolytic and anti-phobic effects, devoid of myorelaxant action and not impairing cognitive function.

Materials and methods. For the synthesis of target compounds, (adamantan-1-yl)methylamine, aryl bromides, and zero-valent palladium complexes were used. Product isolation was carried out using column chromatography on silica gel. Experiments were conducted on mice and adult male Wistar rats (12 months old). The psychotropic activity was assessed based on the results of a number of tests: “Open Field,” “Elevated Plus Maze,” “Novel Object Recognition”, and “Extrapolation Escape Task”. Anxiolytic activity was further studied in the Vogel conflict test. The assessment of possible myorelaxant effects and impact on motor coordination was performed using the “Rotarod” and “Horizontal-Bar” tests.

Results. A series of N-aryl-substituted (adamantan-1-yl)methylamines were synthesized under Buchwald–Hartwig amination conditions. During the optimization of reaction parameters, it was found that the standard catalytic system Pd(dba)₂ / BINAP in the presence of 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene exhibited low efficiency (yield < 45 %). It was established that the use of the phosphine ligand DavePhos facilitates overcoming steric and electronic hindrances and provides a product yield of 74 %. In experiments on mice, compound XF (3 mg/kg) demonstrated significant anxiolytic and anti-phobic activity in the “Open Field” and “Elevated Plus Maze” tests. Regarding the effect on declarative memory, compound XF, along with XCl and XCN, showed a nootropic effect comparable to the reference drug phenotropil. In a second series of experiments on adult Wistar rats (12 months old), the anxiolytic effect of XF was confirmed in the “Open Field”, “Elevated Plus Maze”, and Vogel conflict tests. It was found that, unlike diazepam, compound XF does not cause a myorelaxant effect and does not impair motor coordination (Rotarod and Horizontal-Bar tests), while preserving cognitive functions.

Conclusion. The obtained results demonstrate that searching within the series of N-aryl derivatives of (adamantan-1-yl)methylamine for substances for in-depth investigation of psychotropic properties is promising. The introduction of a fluorine atom into the aryl fragment is considered a strategic tool for expanding the spectrum of pharmacological action of potential neuroprotectors.